References & Sources

BPC 157: A Review of the Literature on its Use and Safety

Review • 2020

Overview of preclinical studies showing potential tissue-protective effects in animal models.

Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: A Review of its Mechanisms

Review • 2021

Discusses theoretical mechanisms based on laboratory research; human trials are limited.

Thymosin β4: Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Applications

Review • 2019

Examines preclinical research on thymosin beta-4's role in wound healing and tissue repair.

Potential Therapeutic Uses of Thymosin Beta-4

Other • 2022

Reviews potential applications; notes limited human trial data.

Growth Hormone Secretagogues: Clinical Applications

Review • 2021

Reviews mechanisms and potential applications; notes need for more rigorous human trials.

Ipamorelin and CJC-1295: An Overview of Effects

Other • 2022

Discusses anecdotal use and limited clinical data.

Semaglutide for Weight Management: STEP Trial Results

PubMed • 2021

Large clinical trial demonstrating significant weight loss in participants without diabetes.

GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Cardiovascular and Metabolic Effects

Review • 2022

Reviews cardiovascular benefits and safety profile of GLP-1 receptor agonists.

FDA Label: Semaglutide Injection

Guideline • 2023

Official prescribing information including approved indications, dosing, and warnings.

Tirzepatide for Weight Reduction: SURMOUNT Trial Data

PubMed • 2022

Clinical trial showing substantial weight loss in adults with obesity.

Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonism: Mechanisms and Clinical Impact

Review • 2023

Discusses how targeting both pathways may enhance metabolic benefits.

FDA Label: Tirzepatide Injection

Guideline • 2023

Official prescribing information with indications, dosing, and safety warnings.

Melanocortin Receptor Agonists: Risks and Unknowns

Review • 2020

Highlights lack of regulatory approval and safety concerns including potential link to skin cancer.

Unregulated Tanning Peptides: Public Health Perspective

Other • 2021

Discusses unmonitored distribution and potential harms of non-approved tanning agents.

Tesamorelin for HIV-associated lipodystrophy

PubMed • 2010

Clinical trial data supporting FDA approval for visceral adipose tissue reduction.

Effects of tesamorelin on body composition

Review • 2013

Review of tesamorelin's effects on abdominal fat and metabolic parameters.

GHRP-6 stimulation of growth hormone release

PubMed • 2005

Studies on GHRP-6's mechanism and growth hormone secretion patterns.

Growth hormone secretagogues overview

Review • 2012

Comparative review of various GH-releasing peptides including GHRP-6.

MOTS-c: A mitochondrial-encoded regulator of the nucleus

PubMed • 2015

Initial discovery and characterization of MOTS-c peptide.

MOTS-c and metabolic homeostasis

Review • 2020

Review of MOTS-c's role in metabolism and potential therapeutic applications.

Modified GRF(1-29) with extended half-life

PubMed • 2009

Study on DAC technology and extended peptide half-life.

Growth hormone releasing peptides in aging

Review • 2014

Overview of GHRH analogs and their clinical applications.

Bremelanotide for HSDD in premenopausal women

PubMed • 2019

Phase 3 clinical trials supporting FDA approval.

Melanocortin receptor agonists and sexual function

Review • 2020

Mechanism of action and clinical efficacy review.

Long R3 IGF-I biological activity

PubMed • 1991

Early characterization of the modified IGF-1 peptide.

IGF-1 and metabolic effects

Review • 2010

Overview of IGF-1's role in growth and metabolism.

Ipamorelin: A selective GH secretagogue

PubMed • 1998

Initial characterization of ipamorelin's selective effects on GH secretion.

Growth hormone secretagogues: Clinical applications

Review • 2011

Comparative review of GH-releasing peptides including ipamorelin.

Epitalon and pineal gland function

Review • 2003

Russian research on epitalon's effects on circadian regulation.

Peptide bioregulators and aging

Other • 2016

Overview of peptide research in gerontology, primarily from Russian sources.

AOD-9604 and adipose tissue metabolism

PubMed • 2001

Early research on the lipolytic effects of the HGH fragment.

Clinical trials of AOD-9604 for obesity

Review • 2005

Overview of clinical trial results for AOD-9604 in weight management.

Anti-inflammatory properties of α-MSH peptides

PubMed • 2015

Preclinical research on melanocortin peptides and inflammation.

KPV in inflammatory bowel disease models

Review • 2018

Animal model studies exploring KPV's effects on gut inflammation.

Thymosin alpha-1 as a clinical immunomodulator

PubMed • 2011

Review of clinical applications and immune modulation mechanisms.

Safety and efficacy of thymosin alpha-1

Review • 2018

Meta-analysis of thymosin alpha-1 use across various conditions.

LL-37: An antimicrobial peptide with pleiotropic functions

PubMed • 2013

Review of LL-37's antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties.

Cathelicidin in innate immunity

Review • 2017

Overview of cathelicidin's role in immune defense and wound healing.

Follistatin and myostatin regulation

PubMed • 2010

Preclinical research on follistatin's effects on muscle growth.

Myostatin inhibition strategies

Review • 2016

Overview of myostatin inhibition approaches including follistatin.

GHK-Cu in skin remodeling and wound healing

PubMed • 2012

Review of GHK-Cu's effects on collagen synthesis and tissue repair.

Copper peptides in cosmetic applications

Review • 2018

Overview of copper peptide use in skincare and anti-aging.

NNMT inhibition and metabolic effects

PubMed • 2017

Preclinical research on NNMT inhibitors and energy metabolism.

Nicotinamide metabolism and obesity

Review • 2019

Overview of NNMT's role in metabolic regulation.

HGH fragment and lipid metabolism

PubMed • 2000

Early research on the lipolytic effects of HGH fragments.

Growth hormone fragments for obesity treatment

Review • 2004

Overview of HGH fragment research in weight management.

GHRP-2 and growth hormone secretion

PubMed • 1997

Clinical studies on GHRP-2's effects on GH release.

Growth hormone secretagogues comparison

Review • 2008

Comparative analysis of various GH-releasing peptides.

Hexarelin: cardiovascular and GH-releasing effects

PubMed • 2005

Research on hexarelin's cardioprotective properties.

Growth hormone secretagogues and receptor desensitization

Review • 2010

Overview of GH secretagogue effects and tolerance development.

Selank: anxiolytic and nootropic peptide

Review • 2009

Russian research on Selank's anxiolytic and cognitive effects.

Tuftsin-based peptides in neuromodulation

Other • 2015

Overview of tuftsin-derived peptides, primarily from Russian sources.

Semax: neuroprotective and nootropic peptide

Review • 2011

Russian research on Semax's cognitive and neuroprotective effects.

ACTH-derived peptides in brain function

Other • 2014

Overview of ACTH fragment peptides, primarily from Russian sources.

DSIP and sleep regulation

PubMed • 1977

Early research on DSIP isolation and sleep-inducing properties.

Sleep peptides: mechanisms and effects

Review • 2008

Review of sleep-regulating peptides including DSIP.

Oxytocin: social behavior and therapeutic potential

PubMed • 2013

Review of oxytocin's role in social cognition and bonding.

Intranasal oxytocin in psychiatric research

Review • 2017

Overview of oxytocin research in autism, anxiety, and social disorders.

Kisspeptin and reproductive axis regulation

PubMed • 2010

Research on kisspeptin's role in GnRH secretion and puberty.

Kisspeptin in fertility and reproduction

Review • 2016

Overview of kisspeptin research in reproductive medicine.

Tesofensine for obesity treatment

PubMed • 2010

Phase 2 clinical trial data on tesofensine for weight loss.

Triple monoamine reuptake inhibitors in weight management

Review • 2013

Overview of tesofensine's mechanism and efficacy in obesity.

BPC-157 tissue repair mechanisms

PubMed • 2020

Preclinical research on BPC-157's effects on healing.

TB-500 and tissue regeneration

PubMed • 2018

Studies on thymosin beta-4 in wound healing and repair.

Peptide combinations in sports medicine

Review • 2021

Overview of peptide stacking approaches in recovery protocols.

NAD+ metabolism and aging

PubMed • 2018

Review of NAD+ decline with age and cellular function.

NAD+ precursors: NMN and NR

PubMed • 2020

Clinical studies on NAD+ precursor supplementation.

NAD+ in cellular energy and DNA repair

Review • 2019

Overview of NAD+'s role in cellular metabolism and longevity.

Growth hormone-releasing hormone and growth hormone secretagogue in normal aging

PubMed • 2010

Reviews sermorelin's effects on growth hormone dynamics in aging adults.

Sermorelin: A review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone deficiency

Review • 2015

Comprehensive overview of sermorelin's clinical applications and safety profile.

Effects of GHRH on body composition in adults

PubMed • 2018

Study examining sermorelin's impact on lean body mass and metabolic parameters.

Thymosin β4: A multi-functional regenerative peptide

PubMed • 2017

Comprehensive review of thymosin beta-4's biological functions and therapeutic potential.

Thymosin beta-4 in tissue repair and regeneration

Review • 2020

Examines mechanisms of action in wound healing and tissue regeneration.

Clinical applications of thymosin beta-4 and its derivatives

PubMed • 2021

Discusses both natural thymosin beta-4 and synthetic variants like TB-500.

Efficacy of acetyl hexapeptide-8 in reducing wrinkle depth

Review • 2013

Clinical study examining argireline's effects on facial wrinkles compared to baseline.

Topical peptides in cosmetic dermatology

Review • 2019

Comprehensive review of cosmetic peptides including argireline and their mechanisms.

Safety and efficacy of acetyl hexapeptide-3 in anti-aging formulations

Other • 2020

Evaluates safety profile of argireline in cosmetic products.